The Use of Recombinant DNA I agree though that recombinant DNA benefits humans only up to a certain point. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of independent discoveries, made in rapid succession, produced a new technology by which humans have the ability to manipulate and direct the very evolution of life. This is achieved through the process of genesplicing (recombinant DNA). There are four essential elements of the process: a method of breaking apart and joining DNA molecules from different sources, a gene carrier that can replicate both itself and foreign DNA, a means of introducing the foreign DNA into a functional bacterial cell, and a method of selecting from a population numerous cells carrying foreign DNA. Using procedures such as recombinant DNA, many human genes have been cloned into E. coli or yeast. This made it possible for the first time to produce unlimited quantities of human protein. Cultured cells (E. coli, yeast, mammalian cells) transformed with the human gene are used to produce: insulin for diabetics, human growth hormone (GH) GH from domesticated mammals such as cows and pigs does not work in humans. Therefore, for many years, the only source of GH for therapeutic purposes was that extracted from the glands of human cadavers. But this supply was interrupted when several patients died from a rare neurological disease attributed to the contaminated glands. Now, thanks to recombinant DNA technology, recombinant human GH is available. While it is a great benefit for patients with GH deficiency, there has also been pressure to use it to stimulate growth in young people who do not have a deficiency but whose parents want them to grow tall, erythropoietin (EPO) People with Kidney problems can be kept alive with dialysis. But dialysis only cleans the blood of waste. Without a source of EPO, these patients suffer from anemia. Now, thanks to recombinant DNA technology, recombinant human EPO is available to treat these patients, to treat anemia, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to dissolve blood clots, angiostatin and endostatin for anti-tumor trials