The first form of racial discrimination against Asian Americans was encountered during the California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush attracted Chinese immigrants who came to California to meet the high demand for labor. However, as more and more Chinese immigrated to California and lower-paying jobs were filled, Chinese began to fill higher-paying positions typically held by whites. As a result, an anti-Chinese movement formed followed by the enactment of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 which prevented any further Chinese immigration to the United States. Essentially, the Chinese were discriminated against by the whites because of the fear of the Chinese taking their jobs. After World War II, the federal government ended the 1882 ban on Chinese immigration and granted citizenship to foreign-born Chinese Americans (Charles and Guryan 507). Related to workplace discrimination, wages are among the issues affecting Asian-American workers. According to ChangHwan Kim and author Sakamoto, Asian Americans earn wages 8% lower than their white counterparts. Furthermore, they also found that education did not significantly improve the wage situation of Asian Americans. Asian American males with college degrees still earn a lower wage than a white male with a similar level of education. While the 8% difference may not seem like much, it is a clear indication that racial discrimination for Asian Americans still exists through wage rates (Charles and Guryan 509). The debate over whether Asians are subject to workplace discrimination based on their race has been much discussed. raging for years. Research findings on this topic have been varied. For example, Cabezas and Kawaguchi (1988) demonstrated that at first… NP: Pearson College Div, 2012. Print. The unemployment rate for blacks is consistently double that of whites." Pew Research Center RSS. NP, August 21, 2013. Web. October 22, 2013. Austin, Algernon. "The Economic Policy Institute. " Economic Policy Institute. Economic Policy Institute, February 25, 2013. Web. October 22, 2013. Blank Rebecca, Marilyn Dabady, and Constance Citro. Measuring Racial Discrimination. National Academies Press, 2004. Cohen, Y, and Zach. T. (1997) Immigrants' Labor Market Status: Effects of Unemployment Rate on Arrival and Duration of Residence, 50(2): 289-303. Hellerstein, J., McIrney, M., & Neumark, D. (2009) "Spatial Misalignment, Immigrant Networks, and Hispanic Employment in the United States," NBER Working Paper No. 15398.