the state, he explains, has been much more than a conditions creator and market adjuster: it has been a "market shaper" and a risk taker essential to because of its willingness to take risks in areas where the private sector has been too risk averse. He takes the iPhone as an example. He explains that GPS and the Internet, used extensively in the iPhone, were the direct result of investments made by DARPA and the U.S. military's NAVSTAR; the multitouch, which TEDsters originally saw at TED2006 when Jeff Han took the stage, was made with the help of funding from the CIA and the National Science Foundation. And public venture capital programs like the Small Business Innovation Research Initiative have helped fund companies like Apple, Compaq, and Intel in their early stages of development. Its reporting demonstrates that world-leading private sector and innovation has been possible because of government. Without the government's role to take risks in these types of