Introduction Desalination is the process of separating and removing excess salt and other minerals from water. In this process, water is desalinated to convert salt water into fresh water to make it suitable for human consumption or irrigation. Two distinct streams are produced in the process, saline and fresh water. During the operation, much attention is paid to the treatment and disposal of brine waste mainly generated during the operation. Despite the high cost, desalination is one of the parameters that severely limit its applicability and the most valuable alternative water resources that are applied to many countries globally. Thanks to technological progress and innovations in the industry, this process has become the predominant technology in various applications. Reverse osmosis is particularly suitable for small applications in sunny areas. Wind energy is more attractive as it does not require much land. This case often occurs on islands where there is a good wind regime and often very limited flat terrain. Large sizes are more attractive with distillation processes due to the relative high heat loss from small units. Consequently, for humans to access clean, fresh water, this process must be embraced while further technological innovations regarding the energy consumption and cost of desalinated water combined with environmental strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the development of new water production systems from renewable sources. Future water desalination around the world is expected to be increasingly powered by wind, solar and clean natural resources. Environmental systems should potentially be available at economical costs. Desalination Technologies Desalination can be achieved through several processes. Industrial desalination technologies use semipermeable membranes to separate the solvent or some solutes or phase changes. These techniques are classified into the following groups: I. Hybrid processesII. Thermal processes or phase changeIII. Single-phase or membrane processesAll these processes require chemical pre-treatment of the raw seawater so as to avoid foaming, biological growth, scaling, corrosion and scaling which also require chemical post-treatment. Solar, wind and other renewable technologies used for desalination are rapidly emerging with the promise of large-scale environmental and economic sustainability. Desalination powered by renewable energy The development of sustainable and energy-efficient schemes is being integrated into all energy-related sectors. Coupling desalination with a renewable energy source constitutes an attractive and promising alternative. Globally, the total