Jamie was reported to have "committed more than one act of intimate partner violence", suggesting a lack of control. Jamie denied responsibility for these aggressive acts and stated that "he can be a total cow when he wants to be." Weldon and Gilchrist (2012) found that offenders believe that partners provoke violent responses, which can be highlighted in Jamie's case as he reported that “she should know when to shut up.” Although there is evidence of a lack of ability to control aggression, there is insufficient evidence regarding the level of aggression and minimal violence has been reported during sexual intercourse.