1. A) Explain how Europe, even today, is largely, according to the author, the result of Charlemagne's efforts; B) What role did Christianity have in the formation process of Europe? Charlemagne made many contributions to present-day Rome. He inspired many rulers after him, but Otto I was the most successful of all. He remembered most of the land that Charles owned. His land was soon known as the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire was an important political entity in the Middle Ages. Charles built a palace in Aachen, where he died and was buried. This place was the coronation site of emperors until the 16th century. He developed monastic schools. These schools have preserved the traditional way of learning. Charles created offices such as earls, missi dominic, church officials, and more. It helped preserve most of the work done during that period. Its writing style wasn't very popular then, but eventually became the lowercase letter we use today. He developed this writing style because the way they wrote was difficult to understand and it was easy to make mistakes. Charles did all his work because he believed he was doing it for God.2. Describe the rise of Pepin III and Charlemagne to the Frankish throne. Include internal family struggles and problems in your account. When Charles was six years old he began military training. At the age of fifteen his father allowed him to be the lord of Austrasia. When his father died in 768, the empire was divided between him and his brother. Charlemagne learned to be an emperor because he observed how his father led the Franks. It was in 741 that Charlemagne became a leader, but he was not the only Carolingian leader. The land was divided between him and...... middle of paper...... century. After the destruction, it did not take long for the Carolingian dynasty to end. There were not many Carolingians ruled from the 10th century. Places even became independent states. A new problem arose, that of the Magyars. There was some hope when Otto I became emperor. He got rid of the Magyars. The West has never had another leader like Charlemagne. In 1053, Leo IX invaded the Norman army, but would have to rely on the emperor to fight. The First Crusade was banned by Urban IV in 1095. Leo died in 1521, leaving Western Christianity destroyed and beyond repair. Luckily the Pope put an end to all this by obtaining peace from Westphalia. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire ended. These events show how broken the empire had become. Works Cited Wilson, Derek. Charlemagne. 1st. and. . New York: a division of Random House, Inc., 2005. Print.