Artificial organ for transplantationThe next application of animal biotechnology in the pharmaceutical sector is the artificial organ for transplantation. Organ transplant can be defined as “a surgical operation in which a defective or damaged organ in the human body is removed and replaced with a new one” (Paul, Valapour, Bartele, Abbott-Penny, & Kahn, 2004, p.5) . According to Paul, Valapour, Bartele, Abbott-Penny, and Kahn (2004), examples of organs that can be transplanted are the skin, cornea, and bone marrow which are less invasive but require specialized procedures. Cooper and Ayares (2012) stated that xenotransplantation is the transplantation of organs between animal species from animals to treat humans. Furthermore, every year humans need organs, tissues and cells for transplants, but numerous deceased human organs are missing, so the interest in using organs and cells from animal species is continuously increasing (Cooper & Ayares, 2012 ). In addition to this, Houdebine, Lena, and Burachik (2012) had stated that the most likely species for clinical transplantation in humans is the pig. In human cardiac surgery, pig heart valves have been used for almost 30 years, and in the 1960s the best result was achieved when a chimpanzee kidney was transplanted into a patient who lived nine months after surgery (Nairne et al ., 1996). .There are a few reasons why some people need an organ transplant. First, they were born with a structural abnormality of an organ. For example, a congenital heart defect or biliary artresia that makes the child need a liver transplant. Next, no one is perfect as some people are born with a disease due to a disorder inherited from their parents or a mutation occurs in their genes that causes an organ to not function. Then the latest......middle of paper......lopment of genetically modified animals. Collection of Biosafety, 7, 36-75. Nairne, P., Allen, I., Andrews, J., Brazier, M., Forrester, D., Heap, B. (1996). The ethics of xenotransplantation: animal-to-human transplants. Retrieved from http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/xenotransplantation.pdfPaul, B., Valapour, M., Bartele, D., Abbott-Penny, A., & Kahn, J. (2004) . Ethics of organ transplantation. Retrieved from http://www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/Organ_Transplantation.pdfPohlmeier, B., & Eenennaam, A. V. (2008). Biomedical applications of genetically modified and cloned animals. Retrieved from http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech/Outreach/Biomedical_applications_genetically_engineered_animals.pdfTransplant Australia (n.d.). Why people need transplants. Retrieved from http://www.transplant.org.au/Why-people-need-transplants.html