DigitalToday's digital world can be understood as a product of the late-Victorian construction of information organization mechanism combined with modernist visual forms. The works of Lev Manovich and Dr. Simon Cook use a revisionist approach to examine the last century and a half of visual forms. In his “Late Victorian Reasoning and a Modern History of Vision,” Dr. Cook attempts to demonstrate a link between late Victorian visual forms and the “new vision” (including modernist art) that Manovich observed in the first half of the 20th century. In his work, Lev Manovich traces the relationship between the “new vision” and the computer and new media, arguing for a direct connection between the two. While it is virtually undeniable that late Victorian visual forms, new vision, and new media are related, Manovich's argument that new vision caused new media is flawed. The biggest error lies in the basic assumption of ceteris paribus (all other things being equal); after explaining the synthesis of the new vision, he ignores any changes in academia. What gets overlooked is psychology. In the nineteenth century, psychology was still a pseudoscience, but many advances occurred in this field. Then, in the twentieth century, the true science of psychology found its fruits. The first phase in the evolution of psychology had a profound effect on late Victorian work, and the second phase strongly influenced the new media of the late 20th century. For this reason, one should not consider today's digital world as a product of the late Victorian construction of the information organization mechanism and modernist visual forms, but rather all three as children of the study of psychology... .middle of paper ......>.Microsoft Usability: What is usability at Microsoft? Microsoft Corporation. April 14, 2002 .Robertson, George C. "Preface." Mind Vol 1 No 1 (1876): 1"Seurat, Georges." World book encyclopedia. 1989, vol 17. 322. "Television." World book encyclopedia. 1989, vol. 19. 126.Usnews.com: Education: College: Harvard University: Academics. News from the United States. March 17, 2002. Woodward, William R. “Introduction: Extending the Limits of the History of Psychology.” Problematic Science: Psychology in Nineteenth-Century Thought. Ed.William R. Woodward and Mitchell G. Ash. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1982. 1-6.Venn, John. "Lord Rayleigh on the Gambling Paradox." Mind Vol 2 n 8 (1877): 578.