Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the incidence of microbial spectra in gallstone disease and the effect of bacteriobilia on wound infection. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Introduction: Gallstone disease is the most common disorder affecting the gastrointestinal tract and remains the most commonly encountered cause of morbidity. There is good evidence in the literature to support post cholecystectomy wound infection due to the presence of bacteria in the bile with a reported incidence of between 4 and 10% in various studies. Some surgeons use bile culture results to guide the choice of empiric therapeutic antibiotics for subsequent wound infections. The present study evaluates the microbial spectra of bile in patients with chronic cholecystitis and the association with postoperative wound infection in a rural setting. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on fifty patients with symptomatic gallstones, including all age groups and both genders, admitted in the General Surgery department of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala during the period from August 2012 to August 2014. The study included 50 randomly selected cases of chronic stone cholecystitis who were admitted to the surgical departments of our hospital in the last 2 years. All patients underwent laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy with or without exploration of the common bile duct. During surgery, 2 to 3 ml of bile was collected for culture from the common bile duct or gallbladder for microbiological analysis in a sterile labeled container. The removed stones were classified based on visual appearance. Bile samples were inoculated separately onto blood agar, MacConkey agar, and Robertson cooked meat medium and incubated at 370°C for 18 hours. For aerobes the colony morphology was read on blood agar, macConkeys agar after 18 hours of inoculation and further subjected to staining and different biochemical reactions for species confirmation and then antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. For anaerobes from Robertson cooked meat, the sample was further subcultured onto Metronidazole Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar. Metronidazole BHI agar was stored in a gas jar under anaerobic conditions and incubated at 370°C for 48 hours. The morphology of the colony was read and confirmed with a biochemical reaction. In the postoperative period, all patients were administered adequate antibiotic coverage (first empirically and then according to the culture report). The sutures were removed after 7-10 days in clean wounds. In case of wound infection, regular wound dressing was performed, wound cultures were sent, and secondary suturing was subsequently performed or the wound was allowed to heal by secondary intention. Results: Bile cultured positive in 14 (28%) Escherichia coli cases. 7 (14%) as the most common organism encountered followed by Klebsella 2 (4%), Citrobacter 2 (4%), Dipheroids 1 (2%), Enterococcus Facaelis 1 (2%), Candida 1 (2%). No growth of anaerobic organisms was observed in any bile culture. Discussion: A bacterial cause of cholecystitis has been proposed, and bacteria are cultured in as many as 46% of patients with acute cholecystitis. Bile aspiration and culture at the time of surgery for biliary tract disease has provided a unique opportunity to study the bacterial flora, as this may have diagnostic implications,.