Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the process of creating objects or shapes with the exact same names. Polymorphism is the principle of OOP in which multiple methods all with the same name and in different ways manifest themselves. There are two types of polymorphism. The "+" operator of run-time polymorphism and compile-time polymorphism can be used for binary addition, as well as for joining two or more strings together or concatenating. iii. Abstraction: Data abstraction refers to providing only the essential information to the outside world and hiding background details, i.e. representing the necessary information in the program without presenting the details. (Tutorialspoint.com, n.d.) iv. Encapsulation: Encapsulation refers to the grouping of data with the methods that operate on that data. (Rogers, 2014) Encapsulation is used to hide the values ​​or state of a structured data object within a class, preventing direct access to them by unauthorized parties.1.3. Characteristics of object-oriented programming languages. Classes and ObjectsA class is simply a representation of a type of object. It is the blueprint, or plan, or model, that describes the details of an object. A class is the blueprint from which individual objects are created. The class is made up of three things: a name, attributes, and operations (Codeproject.com,