Every civilization had its origin, but most likely this origin was covered by dust or was ruined by the proliferation of internal wars or external conquests. Fortunately, with the help of modern science, we can go back in history even further than we did before. New technology has allowed archaeologists to unearth many mysterious artifacts that could change world history or at least make a contribution to world history. Add additional evidentiary facts by scientific means to provide information that has been overlooked for thousands of years. Having pioneered historical phenomenology, we turn our attention to Indian civilization, the civilization before the Buddha, exploring primarily the Indus civilization, the Aryans, and Brahmanism. According to archaeological evidence, the Indus civilization appears in India around 3000 BC. This is about 2500 years before the Buddha. This civilization begins with the Bronze Age and appears to be about the same time as the civilization that appeared in Mesopotamia. The Indus Civilization otherwise known as the Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization had its origin, name and form in the Indus River (Sanskrit Sindhu) in northwest India. The Harappa-Mohenjodaro civilization is believed to have a well-developed social and economic structure. Evidence from excavation sites suggests that this civilization flourished in the Indus River valley between the third and second millennia BC and spread eastward into the Ganges valley and south-eastward at least as far as Gujarat. This civilization is also believed to have had trade contacts with the pre-Babylonian Sumerians of the Mesopotamian area in present-day Iraq as archaeologists have discovered similar arts...... middle of paper ......John. Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an official account of the archaeological excavations at Mohenjo-Daro carried out by the Government of India between the years 1922 and 1927. Asian Educational Services, 1996.Olivelle, Patrick. Upanisad. Oxford University Press, 1998.Porter, J.H. “Caste in India.” American Anthropologist 8, no. 1 (1 January 1895): 23–30. Possehl, Gregory L. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira, 2002. Upadhyaya, K. N. Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971. Walters, J. Donald. The Hindu way of awakening: its revelation, its symbol, an essential vision of religion. Crystal Clarity Publishers, 1998.Warder, AK Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2004.Woodburne, AS “The Idea of God in Hinduism”. The newspaper of religion 5, n. 1 (January 1, 1925): 52–66.
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