Topic > Stimulation or Tranquility?: Personality Traits and…

The paranormal can be defined as pertaining to an event or perception that goes beyond or lacks a scientific explanation. From mythical creatures to the existence of ghosts to fortune telling, the average person's experience with the paranormal is very mysterious and often filled with doubt. Since paranormal activity by definition cannot be explained by scientific reasoning, researchers of these phenomena have attempted to address this doubt by attempting to provide concrete evidence of their existence. The term psi refers to any abnormal transfer of energy or information that cannot be explained through biological methods or physical mechanisms. Examples of psi include psychokinesis, telepathy, and extrasensory perception or precognition (Bem & Honorton, Does Psi Exist? Replicable Evidence for an Anomalous Process of Information Transfer, 1994). Parapsychologists such as Joseph Rhine of Duke University conducted the first experiments on extrasensory perception. Rhine began by asking participants to guess the identity of cards from a standard shuffled deck. After addressing issues of sample size and participant bias with a standard set of cards, Karl Zener, a colleague of Joseph Rhine, developed the Zener Cards, a deck of 25 cards with five different and unambiguous designs or symbols . Participants who correctly guessed more cards than could be accounted for by chance provided evidence that some other force was at work (Editors of Time Life Books, 1988). Overall, Rhine and Zener's work paved the way for future studies of extrasensory perception, particularly in the development of computer-generated random event and recall tasks. (Taylor, 2001). One of the most recent studies conducted on extrasensory perception was conducted by Daryl B...... half of the article...... delve deeper into the mechanisms of precognition and allow us to design further studies to concretely demonstrate its existence.Works Cited Bem, D. J. (2011). Sensing the future: Experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (3), 407-425.Bem, D. J., & Honorton, C. (1994). Does PSI exist? Replicable evidence of an anomalous information transfer process. Psychological Bulletin, 115 (1), 4-18. Brugger, P., & Taylor, K. I. (2003). Extrasensory perception or subjective probability effect? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 10 (6-7), 221-246. Publishers of Time Life Books. (1988). Psychic Powers (Mysteries of the Unknown). Time Life UK.Taylor, E. (2001). Retroactive intentional influence: a new science based on a new psychology? Alternative therapies in healthcare and medicine , 34.