Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens once coexisted for a period of time in the distant past during the late Pleistocene (Benazzi et al. 2011), so it is hypothesized that they could having shared various similarities. Whether they occupied the same niche, or used and created tools that resembled equivalent shapes and forms, or whether both species lived in parallel groups in social hierarchy and behaviors are questions that many researchers have attempted to answer (Wynn and Coolidge 2008) . At the same time, there have been discoveries that allow us to recognize the distinctions that distinguish Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. During the Pleistocene, which began about 1.8 million years ago, the continents had moved to the places they are today (Zimmerman 2009). According to Polly (www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/), the Pleistocene was found to include biomes similar to those identified today. Various forms of flora and fauna also began to arise in this era, such as pines, mosses, flowering plants, insects, birds and mammals. Later in the Late Pleistocene, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens are theorized to have originated in Africa and diverged approximately 450,000 – 485,000 years ago (Ovchinnikov 2010). It is suggested that Neanderthals traveled to areas of Europe, India and Asia from parts of Africa. This detached group of hominins transformed into Neanderthals over thousands of years while residing in the northwestern region of India and Afghanistan (Weckler 1954). Homo neanderthalensis dispersed long before our species, which continued to occupy Africa for quite some time and was eventually confined to this region due to barriers such as huge lakes and high altitudes... half of paper.... .. of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature 439: 931-934.Niewoehner, W. 2000. Behavioral inferences from modern human hand remains from Skhul/Qafzeh. PNAS 98: 2979-2984. Rosenberg, T. et al. 2011. Humid periods in southern Arabia: windows of opportunity for modern human dispersal. Geology 39: 1115-1118.Stirling, G.D. 1998. A study of Neanderthal physiology, engineering, and behavior. Durham Thesis, University of Durham 1-213. Tattersall, I. & Schwartz, J. 1999. Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution. PNAS 96: 7117-7119.Tattersall, I. & Schwartz, J. 1998. Morphology, paleoanthropology and the Neanderthal. NewAnat. 253: 113-117.Weckler, J. 1954. The relationships between Neanderthal man and Homo sapiens. American Anthropologist 56: 1003-1025. Wynn, T. & Coolidge, F. 2008. A Stone Age meeting of minds. American scientist. 96: 44-52.