In the mid-1700s, Pope Benedict XIV defined martyrdom and outlined the characteristics of the martyr. According to the Pope, a martyr is a “believer who dies for the faith and, specifically, whoever is the murderer (the “tyrant”)… must have been motivated by hatred of the faith” (Peterson, 93). Furthermore, it is not enough for a martyr to simply die for a cause; rather it must have been observed, as someone who refused to recant is believed. In other words, people who chose to uphold their beliefs despite the terrible consequences they would otherwise face must have physically observed a martyr. Another criterion is that a martyr must have been seen as having said something along the lines of turning my soul to God or giving up my life for Christ before his execution. This definition parallels the third century definition of martyr, according to which a martyr is someone who has “witnessed the truth” and through “his words or deeds has the right to be called a martyr” (Peterson, 94). According to Dailey, it is the cause, not death, that makes a martyr and that the reproduction of martyrdom depends on the readable narrative repetition of patterns of martyrdom (Dailey, 67). This means that a person is classified as a martyr when he fits one of the patterns previously established by other martyrs. This essay will focus on the written accounts of the execution of John Hooper, the murder of Thomas Becket and Edmund Campion who was hanged, drawn and quartered. Furthermore, the essay will analyze how the accounts written about each of these individuals show that they died as martyrs. John Hopper was born in the late 1450s in a county in central England. In Foxe's "Book of Martyrs: Selected Narratives", Hopper is described as someone who had... half the paper... R 38.3 (2006): 65-83. Print.John Foxe, The Unabridged Acts and Monuments Online or TAMO (1576 edition) (HRI Online Publications, Sheffield, 2011). Available from: http//www.johnfoxe.org [Accessed: 01.03.11].McLetchie, Scott. “The Chronicle of “Benedict of Peterborough”: The Assassination of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 29 December 1170.” Fordham.edu. Internet Medieval Source Book, August 1998. Web. November 21, 2011. Secondary SourcesEarnest, David C. "Will No One Deliver Me From This Entangled State? Social Inequality and the New Social Contract." Department of Political Science. George Washington University, January-February. 2001. Network. 4 December 2011. Ernest F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, (London: George Bell and Sons, 1910), p. 365. November 18, 2011.