For example, parents who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children than parents who were not abused during childhood (Davies, 2011; Gowen & Nebrig, 2001). An individual's attachment styles gradually develop according to internal working models depending on how the child has been cared for over time (Bretherton, 1990; Davies, 2011). Internal working models develop for both self and others and form expectations of behavior and relationships with others. Working models are generally stable throughout life, but can be modified through positive experiences and interventions, allowing one to improve one's attachment relationships, or they can be threatened by negative experiences such as divorce or death (Gowen & Nebrig, 2001 ; Hare, Miga & Allen, 2009). The transmission of attachment styles, therefore, occurs through an unchanged operational model that one creates for oneself and which is then transmitted to one's children. Johnny's mother, Gina, grew up through a neglectful childhood with a lack of love and support, and when she became a parent, she treated Johnny similarly. Despite attempting to be a good parent, Gina's internal working model developed as a child consisted of inept and inconsistent behaviors. Gina's negative attachment relationships caused her to develop