As with many influences on human behavior, environmental actions can actually trigger genetic predispositions towards antisocial behavior. Of these environmental triggers, childhood abuse may be the most important of the situational factors. Understanding antisocial personalities in individuals with biological predisposition to antisocial behavior and in those who have suffered mistreatment in a hostile environment carries a high risk of developing antisocial personality disorder. Although the diagnosis is limited to those people over the age of eighteen, it usually involves a history of antisocial behavior before the age of fifteen. The individual often displays a pattern of lying, truancy, delinquency, substance abuse, running away from home, and may have trouble with the law. As an adult, the person often commits acts against the law and/or fails to take responsibility. They tend to have difficulty sustaining relationships and often engage in alcohol and drug abuse. According to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) (APA 85), ASPD is characterized by a pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others. The APA further classifies certain behaviors that function as criteria for the disorder. According to the APA, the criteria show pathological personality traits including antagonism, manipulative behavior, deception, callousness, hostility, and disinhibition along with a lack of empathy. Although not all individuals with ASPD are criminals, criminal actions are characteristic of ASPD. It's no surprise that a large number of people with ASPD, about 75 percent, end up in prison. When one becomes incapable of having fun... middle of paper... violence in abused children." Science. 297. (2002): 851-854. Print.Hare, Robert D. "Psychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder: a case of diagnostic confusion". Psychiatric Times. (1996): page no. Print.Huizinga, David, Bret Haberstick, Andrew Smolen, Scott Menard and Susan Young. "Maltreatment childhood, resulting antisocial behavior, and the role of monoamine oxidase A genotype". Biological Psychiatry. 60. (2006): 677-683. Stampa.Paris, Joel. Nature and nurture in psychiatry: a stress-proneness model of mental disorders. 1st edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc., 1999. Smith, Carolyn A., Timothy O. Ireland, Terence P. Thornberry, and Laura Elwyn. “Child Maltreatment and Antisocial Behavior: Comparing Self-Reported and Substantiated Maltreatment.”.