Tuberculosis worldwide is caused by M.bovis and M.africanum, as well as M.tuberculosis. This is likely due to closer interactions between people and livestock, another host of the organisms. Transmission to humans from susceptible animal species and their products such as milk is also possible. It affects the lungs and respiratory tract. With the advent of the AIDS epidemic, there has been a steady annual increase in the number of tuberculosis cases worldwide. In the United States, this disease occurs mainly among the homeless, the elderly and the malnourished, or among alcoholic men, minorities and immigrants. Most active cases result from reactivation of old dormant infections.I. History of Mycobacterium tuberculosisIn 1882, Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). According to Mandal, Mycobacterium tuberculosis existed 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. It has also been shown that Europeans have contributed very largely to the spread of tuberculosis in the world (Jaeger et al., 2012). Tuberculosis reached its peak in the 18th century and caused large numbers of deaths. At the time, tuberculosis was rampant, causing a seventh of all cell deaths in Europe and a third of deaths among productive young adults. Today, tuberculosis remains a major global health problem. It was reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention that in 2011, approximately 1.4 million people died from tuberculosis worldwide, and approximately 9 million people became ill with tuberculosis (CDC | TB | Data and Statistics ").II. Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosisA. MorphologyThe Mycobacterium belongs to the phylum Actinobacteria and to the family of Mycobacteriaceae are usually slightly curved or straight......in the center of the paper......in 108 replications of Mtb. The probability of spontaneous mutations causing resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin is the product of these possibilities, i.e. 1 in 1016. However, these biological mechanisms of resistance are disrupted when chemotherapy is inadequate. In circumstances of monotherapy, irregularly injection of drugs, omission of one or more drugs, suboptimal dosing, poor drug absorption, or an insufficient number of active drugs in a regimen, a susceptible strain of Mtb can become resistant to multiple drugs in a matter of months. Instead of BCG, a vaccine using microbial vectors is currently being developed (Junqueira-Kipnis et al., 2013). Therefore, ongoing research into tuberculosis vaccines will help detect this disease and eliminate it. Therefore, tuberculosis rates can be reduced through improved public health measures and improved social conditions..