Streptococcus pneumoniae is a fast-growing Gram-positive bacterium that populates the upper respiratory tract in humans. Furthermore, it is an aerotolerant anaerobe and usually causes respiratory diseases including pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, peritonitis, paranasal sinusitis, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis (Todar, 2003). According to Tettelin et al., more than 3 million children die from meningitis or pneumonia worldwide (2001). S.pneumoniae has an enzyme known as autolysin which is responsible for the disintegration and destruction of epithelial cells. Furthermore, S.pneumoniae has many essential virulence factors such as the capsule made of polysaccharides that avoids opsonization of the C3b complement of cells by phagocytes. Many vaccines contain several capsular antigens isolated from various strains (Todar, 2003). There are numerous strains of S. pneumoniae that have developed resistance to the most widespread antibiotics such as macrolides, fluoroquinolones and penicillin since 1990 (Tettelin et al., 2001). Antibiotic resistance was developed by genetic mutation and selection processes which, as a result, lead to the formation of penicillin-binding proteins, etc. (Todar, 2003). People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a sequential destruction of CD4 T cells which always leads to a weakening of the immune system. Despite the reduction of CD4 T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells are also affected by HIV. Furthermore, HIV causes dysfunction in B cells, CD8 T cells, and cells of the innate immune system (Shipley, 2013). For example, reducing perforin production and IFN-γ secretion in CD8 T cells cannot help effector T cells destroy virus-infected cells (Kuerten et al., 2008). The reduction... half of the paper......PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://moodle.nu.edu.kz/course/view.php?id=2650 (accessed December 11, 2013). Swiatlo, E., & Ware, D. (2003). New vaccination strategies with Streptococcus pneumoniae protein antigens. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 38(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928824403001469 (accessed December 11, 2013).Tettelin, H., Nelson, KE, Paulsen, IT, Eisen, JA, Read, TD, Peterson, S., et al. (2001). Complete genome sequence of a virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate. Science. Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/498.short (accessed December 12, 2013). Todar, K. (2003). Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal pneumonia. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/S.pneumoniae.html (accessed December 12, 2013).