Several psychological studies conclude that the mind has adapted universal reactions to colors. While these responses are subjective depending on the region, there are general responses that exist in relation to the human population as a whole. According to journalist Sarah Marinos, color psychology professor Jill Morton's global studies reported that, when analyzed on the meaning of specific colors, “black was linked to bad luck and bereavement” (70). Black now includes strong “associations with impurity” (Sherman and Clore 1020). Many have come to see black as a sign of moral pollution, “not because immoral things tend to be black, but because immorality” (Sherman & Clore 1020) defiles just as dirt might defile a clean mind. Prejudice against blackness has established not only its negative connotation in language, but a deep resentment within America's roots tied to its progression toward a cultural identity. Although there no longer appears to be a “scientific justification for racial classification” (Banton 1111), there is an evident “dualism in language” (Wilson 112) that connects color with its “cultural representations” (Wilson 112), i.e. blacks or African Americans. It has gotten to the point that “achromatic tonality” (Wilson 113) has been defined “solely from the standpoint of heritage” (Wilson 113). AS